![]() ![]() ![]() Even after the oil is no longer visible, chemicals of concern can persist in the environment and affect exposed organisms. In the case of marine oil spills, such as the Deepwater Horizon spill, there is an initial, acute risk to organisms that can become covered in viscous crude as well as acute and chronic risks from exposure to toxic chemicals through air, water and food. The water solubility and volatility of PAHs decreases as their molecular weight increases however, low water concentrations of PAHs can be environmentally relevant due to their potential to bioaccumulate in organisms. PAHs are one of the principal contaminant classes of concern in oil spills because many compounds are toxic and/or carcinogenic to humans and wildlife. The oil that flowed from the Macondo well during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill contained approximated 3.9% polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by weight an estimated 2.1×10 10 g of PAHs were released during the spill. Furthermore, an estimated 2.1 million gallons of dispersants were applied at the ocean surface and wellhead. Estimates of the amount of oil spilled into the ocean vary, however the Federally accepted estimate of 4.1 million barrels of oil (7.0 × 10 5 m 3) has been supported by independent researchers. On April 20 th, 2010 a lethal explosion at the Deepwater Horizon oil drilling rig located 66 km southeast of the Louisiana coast in Mississippi Canyon Block 252, led to the largest marine oil spill in United States history. Chemical forensic modeling demonstrated that elevated PAH concentrations are associated with distinctive chemical profiles. A return to elevated PAH concentrations, accompanied by a chemical fingerprint similar to that observed while the site was being impacted by the spill, was observed in Alabama in summer, 2011. Significant increases in bioavailable PAHs were seen following the oil spill, however, pre-oiling levels were observed at all sites by March, 2011. Prior to shoreline oiling, baseline data were obtained at all the study sites, allowing for direct before and after comparisons of PAH contamination. For over a year, beginning in May 2010, passive sampling devices were used to monitor the bioavailable concentration of PAHs. The objectives of this study were to assess bioavailable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the coastal waters of four Gulf Coast states that were impacted by the spill. There is a continued need for information about the impacts and long-term effects of the disaster on the Gulf of Mexico. They have six children, 20 grandchildren, and 5 great-grandchildren.An estimated 4.1 million barrels of oil and 2.1 million gallons of dispersants were released into the Gulf of Mexico during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Mike and Sandy MacIntosh married in 1973. He is also the organizer of Festival of Life, an international evangelical outreach program. HCF has a 22-acre campus in San Diego, which includes Horizon Christian Academy (Preschool to 12th grade) and Horizon University. He then went on to pastor Horizon Christian Fellowship, a Calvary Chapel affiliate, beginning in 1974. MacIntosh became involved with Calvary Chapel after his conversion to Christianity under the ministry of evangelist Lonnie Frisbee. Mike MacIntosh (born 1944) is the senior pastor of Horizon Christian Fellowship in San Diego, California, and is a Protestant leader in the United States. JSTOR ( May 2009) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message).Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. ![]()
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